Welcome to our blogsite, dear parents-to-be! Pregnancy is a beautiful journey filled with excitement, anticipation, and, at times, a few unexpected challenges. If you’re currently expecting and find yourself grappling with the discomfort of a cold, this article is tailor-made for you.
The change in seasons can lead to the occurrence of flu and colds. This situation, which is quite uncomfortable even under normal circumstances, becomes more concerning during pregnancy, causing expectant mothers to worry about their babies.
What is the Distinction Between Influenza and the Common Cold?
Influenza and the common cold are often mistaken for one another and even used interchangeably, but they represent two distinct conditions. Although they share similar symptoms, the outcomes of these illnesses are markedly different. While the common cold primarily affects the nasal passages, influenza affects the entire body. Both illnesses are caused by viruses and target the upper respiratory tract. Influenza results from three virus types: Influenza A, B, and C, whereas the common cold can be triggered by around 200 different virus strains.
The common cold predominantly affects the nose, with most cases caused by viruses from the rhinovirus group, ‘rhino’ meaning ‘nose’ in Greek. Symptoms typically manifest about two days after exposure to the virus and commonly include a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing. Fever is typically absent, although a sore throat or mild discomfort may occur at times. Throat redness is rarely observed during examination. Sinus pain and earache are frequent symptoms. Depending on the virus strain, additional symptoms such as watery eyes, cough, post-nasal drip, reduced appetite, and fatigue can also manifest.
Initially, nasal discharge may be more liquid but can change in consistency and turn yellow-green within a few days. Symptoms usually resolve naturally within 7-10 days.
Influenza, caused by influenza viruses, is relatively common. A flu epidemic at the beginning of the last century affected the entire world, resulting in over 20 million deaths. According to data from the American Center for Disease Control, 10-20% of the population contracts the flu each year, with an average of 114,000 hospitalizations due to flu-related issues. In a year, more than 20,000 people succumb to the flu. The virus structure frequently mutates, leading to widespread outbreaks.
What Are the Symptoms of Influenza?
Symptoms typically commence with a fever and are followed by facial redness and fatigue. Some individuals may experience dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Fever usually lasts 2-3 days but, in rare cases, may persist for up to 5 days. After the fever subsides, general systemic symptoms develop, and respiratory complaints intensify. A dry cough is a significant symptom. Sore throat, cold symptoms, and muscle and joint pain are also common. Influenza viruses can inhabit the nose, throat, trachea, and even the lungs, potentially causing pneumonia.
It damages the protective epithelial layer lining the respiratory system. While symptoms other than cough typically resolve within one week, cough may persist for a few additional weeks.
What Are the Methods of Transmission for Both Diseases?
Both diseases are transmitted through airborne droplets. When an infected person sneezes, millions of viruses enter the air and can infect others through their eyes, nose, and mouth. The contagiousness is highest during the first two days after contracting the virus. Additionally, hands can play a role in transmission. Both illnesses can lead to complications. One significant difference is that influenza is preventable through vaccination.
Does Influenza Pose Risks During Pregnancy?
Pregnancy itself does not increase the risk of contracting influenza, but complications become more likely if a pregnant woman does contract the virus. Pregnant women are at higher risk for hospitalization due to influenza compared to women in the same age group who are not pregnant. Pregnancy-related changes in the circulatory, respiratory, and immune systems make pregnant women more susceptible to complications. Moreover, if a pregnant woman contracts the flu late in pregnancy, there is an increased risk of transmitting the disease to the newborn.
Is It Safe to Receive the Influenza Vaccine During Pregnancy for Prevention?
The influenza vaccine, which does not contain live viruses, is considered safe during pregnancy. The American Association of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (ACOG) recommends receiving the flu vaccine during the second or third trimester, as indicated in a December 2000 publication. In cases of high-risk conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and hypertension, vaccination against influenza is recommended regardless of gestational age.
For women without high-risk factors, vaccination at the end of the first trimester is recommended. Antibodies developed in the mother after vaccination can pass to the baby, providing protection against the flu during the infant’s early months. The influenza vaccine is generally considered safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
When Is the Best Time to Get Vaccinated?
The flu season typically spans from November to April, with the highest prevalence from December to early March. The most effective period for vaccination begins when the epidemic starts, with a decline in cases over the next 3-4 weeks. The optimal time for vaccination is between October and mid-November. After vaccination, it takes 1-2 weeks for antibodies to develop and provide protection. The effectiveness of the flu vaccine ranges from 70-90%. Importantly, the flu vaccine does not cause the flu. Any upper respiratory infections occurring in the first two weeks post-vaccination are unrelated to the vaccine. The vaccine is prepared using eggs, so individuals with egg allergies should avoid it.
How Are These Diseases Treated?
Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for either disease, and no medication or intervention can shorten their duration. While the United States has antiviral drugs against the influenza virus, these should only be used during pregnancy if the pregnant woman is at high risk. Supportive care is essential for managing both the flu and the common cold:
- Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, so they should not be used unless a secondary bacterial infection is present.
- Preventing illness is crucial, so avoiding crowded places and frequent handwashing is recommended during epidemics.
- Rest is the most effective supportive treatment; if possible, bed rest is advised.
- Elevating the head with two or more pillows can reduce post-nasal drip discomfort.
- Ensure that the environment is warm and well-ventilated.
- Prevent dry indoor air and maintain moisture.
- Adequate fluid intake is essential.
- Maintain a nutritious diet during illness, and if appetite is reduced, opt for a carbohydrate-rich diet to meet energy needs.
- Lozenges can help soothe a sore throat.
- Nasal congestion can be alleviated with saltwater or saline nasal sprays.
- Pain and fever can be managed with paracetamol.
- After symptom resolution, avoid immediately resuming normal activities and continue to rest for complete recovery.
When Should You Consult a General Practitioner?
- If you are in a high-risk group.
- If your fever exceeds 38.5 degrees Celsius and persists for several days.
- If you experience difficulty breathing.
- In the case of chest pain.
- If severe earache, discharge, or bleeding from the ear occurs.
- If a rash or redness develops.
- If neck stiffness is present.
- If you believe you are not improving within a few days and are seriously ill.
Feel free to share your experiences and questions as comments. Wishing you a pleasant and healthy day!
